Tag Archives: 4D

Visualizing the Barnes-Wall and Leech Lattices

If you have access to Wolfram’s Mathematica, see my notebook with code and data that may be helpful here (135Mb). A PDF is here (65Mb). This has detail on the octonion (E82 and E83) based constructions for both the 24D Leech lattices as well as the 16D Barnes-Wall lattice shown at the bottom of this post.

The Leech lattice is a sub-quotient of the largest of the sporadic finite simple groups, namely the Monster group. It is related to (and can be constructed by) E8 and the 23rd Niemeier lattice of E83. The 24D Leech lattice is interesting to the physics of sphere packing, error-correcting codes, and possibly unifying General Relativity (GR) with Quantum Mechanics (QM). String theory was founded on the ideas related to its relationship to the Monster group and how 24 dimensions relate to the bosonic energy levels of the partition function on a torus. For more on the Monster and Group Theory, see my post here.

But taking things down a 8D (Bott periodic) notch, roughly speaking the 16D Barnes-Wall lattice is related to E8 in the same way by BW16=E82.

I found some very nice recent visualizations on the BW16 WP article by Misaki Ohta with related arXiv papers. He provided links to related code and data here. Below are my renderings using that provided information.

Rectified E8 with 6720 vertices
4320 shortest vectors of BW16 using orthogonal projection mapping ℝ¹⁶ → ℝ² (i.e. to B16 basis vectors)
As above with 604800 edges of 16D norm=4 with colors assigned by projected edge lengths
61440 2nd shortest 16D vectors of BW16  using orthogonal projection mapping ℝ¹⁶ → ℝ² (i.e. to B16 basis vectors)

It is interesting to note that if one projects the 61440 2nd shortest 16D vectors of BW16  using orthogonal projection mapping ℝ¹⁶ → ℝ² (i.e. to B8 basis vectors [x=Cos, y=Sin]@(0-15)π/8 used for E8 below vs. the proper (0-15)π/16 B16 as done above), we get a similar result as projecting the 2nd shortest 8D vectors of E8 using the same basis shown as grey vertices in Fig 2 of arXiv:2506.11725:

61440 2nd shortest 16D vectors of BW16 projected using the B8 basis vectors. This looks to be the same result as Fig. 2 of arXiv:2506.11725 with grey vertices of the 2160 2nd shortest 8D E8 vertices associated with the maximal magic states in the same projection.

Projecting the 2160 2nd shortest 8D vectors of E8 using the B8 basis vectors including 69120 edges of 8D norm=√8 with colors assigned by projected edge length (notice the similarity in the vertex locations of the figure above):

Projecting the 2160 2nd shortest 8D vectors of E8 using the B8 basis vectors including 69120 edges of 8D norm=√8 with colors assigned by projected edge lengths

Projecting the 4320 shortest 16D vectors of BW16  using orthogonal projection mapping ℝ¹⁶ → ℝ² using the B8 basis vectors [x=Cos, y=Sin]@(0-15)π/8 gives the results shown in Fig. 2 as red and blue vertices:

Projecting the 4320 shortest 16D vectors of BW16  using orthogonal projection mapping ℝ¹⁶ → ℝ² using the B8 basis vectors (0-15)π/8

This time with edges colored by projected edge lengths:

Same as above with 604800 edges of norm=4 with colors assigned by projected edge lengths

Now, getting creative with the 16D projections of the 4230 BW16, if we double the E8 Petrie basis vectors we get a similar result with 480+1 visible vertices with one at the origin w/240 overlapping vertices. There are 240 yellow with no overlaps and 240 blue with 16 overlaps each. There are 604800 norm=4 edges using roughly the same color pallet as my WP E8 Petrie image. This makes it easier to see the difference between the 4230 BW16 and the normal E8 Petrie projection, which seem to share the grid-like pattern of the 24-cells within the folded E8 = H4 + φ H4 :

16D projection of the 4230 BW16 using the E8 Petrie basis vectors doubled

This is the same as above, but using the 61440 vertex BW16 with no edges (given there are millions of them). Please note that the number of visible vertices is the same as E8241 at 2160!

16D projection of the 61440 BW16 using the E8 Petrie basis vectors doubled with 2160 visible vertices

Octonion based Barnes-Wall and Leech Lattice visualizations based on my implementation of work from Geoffrey Dixon and Robert Wilson:

Octonion defined Barnes-Wall to 16D B82 projection
Octonion defined 24D Leech lattice to 8D E8 Petrie projection with all 196560 vertices in 2D and 3D, noting the similarity to the 6720 vertex rectified E8 in the same projection (above).
Octonion defined Leech lattice to 24D E83 Petrie projection with 20 increments of 1000 vertices for every 10000 out of 196560
Same as above with 50% of the inner edges filtered out

Weyl Group Orbit Coxeter Sections of the Regular 4D Platonic Polychora

Video(s) of 4D geometry in “3D Flatlander views” (i.e. what it looks like if objects from 4 “other” dimensions pass through an area of our 3D world for a period of time (i.e. 34 s)

This page presents a comprehensive presentation of the 15 permutations of the six 4D polychora (i.e. 5, 16/8, 24, 600/120 cells). It presents them in full SVG format for convenient use in high quality academic papers on the topic (e.g. simply save the SVG and edit in Inkscape or other tool to produce PDF or PNG, etc.). You are free to use these under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International CC BY-SA 4.0 with appropriate attribution.

Let me know if you need customized hyper-complex and/or hyper-dimensional group-theoretic projection/section visualizations, as my extensive Mathematica code-base may be able to generate it.

The content below uses a 6×15 matrix of 4D to 3D projections of the convex hulls, each with a link to a page with that objects Coxeter section decomposition. I want to give a shout-out (cite) qfbox.info and polytope.miraheze.org for providing vertex coordinates used in the creation of the objects.

There is also another 6×15 table with links to video animations of the sections in the 4D to 3D flatlander from Left/Right (or minus to plus). This is an analog of 3D objects passing through the 2D planar world of flatlanders.

Also available is a Mathematica notebook (360Mb) with code to produce the 4D vertex data as well as the visualized interactive 3D objects. See also an overview of these lists explained in a this Powerpoint presentation, which covers the isomorphisms between them due to the symmetries in the A4, BC4, and H4 Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams that represent them.

Links to the SVG Section Files

Links to Sectioning MP4 Video Animations (i.e. 4D to 3D Flatlander)

For completeness, I am also including a table of 3D polyhedra, namely the Platonic, Archimedean, and Catalan Solids including
their irregular and chiral forms. These were created using
quaternion Weyl orbits directly from the A3, B3, and H3 group
symmetries

.

Platonic, Archimedean, and Catalan Solids

Another post with more detail on the 5-cell (A4) SU(5)->SU(4) maximal subgroup content generated via quaternions is here.

Coxeter Sections for the Swirl Prism 120-Diminished Rectified 600-Cell

This is an analysis of the Coxeter Sections for the Swirl Prism 120-Diminished Rectified 600-Cell. The source data, which can be found on either of two polychora sites (qfbox.info and polytope.miraheze.org) seems to have two missing vertices 598 as generated by their permutation lists (vs. the intended 600). The data below, with an added two vertices of {-1,-1,φ3, φ3} and {1,-1,φ3, φ3} in the suspected error sections #3 & #15, is shown in data and 3D convex hull and Coxeter sectioning forms.

Video(s) of 4D geometry in “3D Flatlander views” (i.e. what it looks like if objects from 4 “other” dimensions pass through an area of our 3D world for a period of time
The 3D XYZ convex hull projections (with W=0) and the +/- W Coxeter Sections of the rectified 600-Cell with 720 vertices
The Coxeter Sections and XYZ 3D convex hull projections of the Swirl Prism 120-diminished rectified 600-Cell with 600 vertices
The Coxeter Sections for the 120 diminished vertices (i.e. the complement of the Intersection of the Rectified 600-cell and the Swirl 120-Diminished Rectified 600-Cell)
List of vertices for the Rectified 600-cell
List of vertices for the Complement of the Intersection of the Rectified 600-cell and the Swirl 120-Diminished Rectified 600-Cell

The Isomorphism of H4 and E8

Click here for a PDF of my recent paper. This has been accepted by the arXiv as 2311.01486 (math.GR & hep-th) with an ancillary Mathematica Notebook here. These links have (and will continue to have) minor descriptive improvements/corrections that may not yet be incorporated into arXiv, so the interested reader should check back here for those. Another related follow-on paper on THE ISOMORPHISM OF 3-QUBIT HADAMARDS AND E8 is referenced in the blog post here.

The abstract: This paper gives an explicit isomorphic mapping from the 240 real R^8 roots of the E8 Gossett 4_{21} 8-polytope to two golden ratio scaled copies of the 120 root H4 600-cell quaternion 4-polytope using a traceless 8×8 rotation matrix U with palindromic characteristic polynomial coefficients and a unitary form e^{iU}. It also shows the inverse map from a single H4 600-cell to E8 using a 4D<->8D chiral L<->R mapping function, phi scaling, and U^{-1}. This approach shows that there are actually four copies of each 600-cell living within E8 in the form of chiral H4L+phi H4L+H4R+phi H4R roots. In addition, it demonstrates a quaternion Weyl orbit construction of H4-based 4-polytopes that provides an explicit mapping between E8 and four copies of the tri-rectified Coxeter-Dynkin diagram of H4, namely the 120-cell of order 600. Taking advantage of this property promises to open the door to as yet unexplored E8-based Grand Unified Theories or GUTs.

Concentric hulls of4_21 in Platonic 3D projection with numeric and symbolic norm distances
2D to the E8 Petrie projection using basis vectors X and Y from (6) with 8-polytope radius 4\sqrt{2} and 483,840 edges of length \sqrt{2} (with 53% of inner edges culled for display clarity
An alternative set of structure constant triads, octonion Fano plane mnemonic, and multiplication table, with decorations showing the palindromic multiplication.
1_42 projections of its 17,280 vertices
Visualization of the 144 root vertices of S’+T+T’ now identified as the dual snub 24-cell
Breakdown of E8 maximal embeddings at height 248 of content SO(16)=D8 (120,128′)
Archimedean and dual Catalan solids, including their irregular and chiral forms. These were created using quaternion Weyl orbits directly from the A3, B3, and H3 group symmetries listed in the first column
A3 in A4 embeddings of SU(5)=SU(4)xU1
These include the specified 3D quaternion Weyl orbit hulls for each subgroup identified
The Eigenvalues, Eigenvector matrix, and characteristic polynomial coefficients of the unitary form of U as e^{IU} showing a Tr@Re@e^{IU}~4 and a traceless imaginary part

Info about my creative work: The Universe, Math, Physics, & Art

I think the most well-known (2D) image I’ve created so far (above) is found on Wikipedia’s (WP) math/geometry pages. It is what has been called the Public Relations (PR) or publicity photo for E8, which is an 8D (or 248 dimensional as the math guys count it) geometric object. It has been used in books, papers, math/science conference promotional materials, etc. That WP page also has what many used to consider “uninteresting” – my 3D versions of the same object. E8 is used in various theories to understand how the Universe operates way below the atomic level (i.e. the quantum stuff). I think it is responsible for what I call the shape of the Universe. As others have said, “who knew the Universe had a shape?”

In (very) layman’s terms, that 2D image of E8 looks sort-of-like how the lowly 4D Tesseract cube would look if it grew up into an 8D object, but a bit more interesting. The Tesseract was made (more) popular in the modern Avengers movies. In 2015 before I had ever seen any of those movies, I created a laser etched 3D projection of E8 within a jewel cut optical crystal cube and put a photo of that object lit from below by a blue LED on my website’s main homepage. Someone mentioned the resemblance and I was surprised at the likeness, motivating me to go see the movies.

Another of my more notable math/physics images has to do with the discovery of QuasiCrystals made by a guy, Dan Shechtman, who was ostracized from academia for the “impossible” idea of crystals having rotational symmetries beyond 2,3,4 and 6. He is now a Nobel Laureate. The WP image above is on that QuasiCrystal page as an overlay of part of E8 projected over a picture made from shooting a beam of x-rays at an icosahedral Ho-Mg-Zn quasicrystal.  I didn’t actually do that experiment with the x-ray beams, but I did similar ones in my college days on a particle accelerator called the Cockroft-Walton Kevatron – see below for a picture of me (the one with the beard ;–)  in the physics lab assembling a moon dust experiment. One of the professors had gotten the accelerator out of Germany after having worked on the Manhattan project.

E8 and its 4D children, the 600-cell and 120-cell (pages on which I have some work, amongst others) and its grandkids (2 of the 3D 5 Platonic Solids, one of which is the 3D version of the 2D Pentagon) are all related to the Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Ratio. So that kind of explains why most of my 2D art, 3D objects and sculptures (e.g. furniture like the dodecahedron table below), and 4D youtube animations all use the Golden Ratio theme.

Greg Moxness, Tucson AZ

A4 Group Orbits & Their Polytope Hulls Using Quaternions

Updated: 05/11/2023

This post is a Mathematica evaluation of A4 Group Orbits & Their Polytope Hulls Using Quaternions and nD Weyl Orbits. This is a work-in-process, but the current results are encouraging for evaluating ToE’s.

Please see the this PDF or this Mathematica Notebook (.nb) for the details.

The paper being referenced in this analysis is here.

Of course, as in most cases, this capability has been incorporated into the VisibLie_E8 Demonstration codebase. See below for example screen shots:

Hasse Visualization
Maximal Embeddings

This is an example .svg file output from the same interactive demonstration:

SVG file output from the VisibLie_E8 Coxeter-Dynkin Interactive Demonstration Pane showing the OmniTruncated A4 Group Vertex Hulls

More code and output images below:

The (diminished) 120-Cell and it’s relationships to the 5-Cell (A4), the 600-Cell (H4), the two 24-Cells (D4), the Dual Snub 24-Cell, and of course E8!

Updated: 05/03/2023

This post is a Mathematica evaluation of important H4 polytopes involved in the Quaternion construction of nD Weyl Orbits.

Please see the this PDF or this Mathematica Notebook (.nb) for the details.

The paper being referenced in this analysis is here.

I’ve added this PDF or this Mathematica Notebook (.nb) which is having a bit of fun visualizing various (3D) orbits of diminished 120-cell convex hulls. The #5 subset of 408 vertices (diminishing 192) is completely internal to the normal 3D projection of the 120-cell to the chamfered dodecahedron. The #3 has 12 sets of 2 (out of 3) dual snub 24-cell kite cells (that is 24 out of the 96 total cells).

3D & 4D Solids using Quaternion Weyl Orbits from Coxeter-Dynkin ​Geometric Group Theory

Click here to view the Powerpoint presentation.

It shows code and output from my VisibLie-E8 tool generating all Platonic, Archimedean and Catalan 3D solids (including known and a few new 4D polychora from my discovery of the E8->H4 folding matrix) from quaternions given their Weyl Orbits.

If you don’t want to use the interactive Powerpoint, here is the PDF version.

See these Mathematica notebooks here and here for a more detailed look at the analysis of the Koca papers used to produce the results :

Or scroll down to see the .svg images here and here.

Greg Moxness, Tucson AZ

Visualizing the Quaternion Generated Dual to the Snub 24 Cell

I did a Mathematica (MTM) analysis of several important papers here and here from Mehmet Koca, et. al. The resulting MTM output in PDF format is here and the .NB notebook is here.

3D Visualization of the outer hull of the 144 vertex Dual Snub 24 Cell, with vertices colored by overlap count:
* The (42) yellow have no overlaps.
* The (51) orange have 2 overlaps.
* The (18) tetrahedral hull surfaces are uniquely colored.
The Dual Snub 24-Cell with less opacity

What is really interesting about this is the method to generate these 3D and 4D structures is based on Quaternions (and Octonions with judicious selection of the first triad={123}). This includes both the 600 Cell and the 120 Cell and its group theoretic orbits. The 144 vertex Dual Snub 24 Cell is a combination of those 120 Cell orbits, namely T'(24) & S’ (96), along with the D4 24 Cell T(24).

3D Visualization of the outer hull of the alternate 96 vertex Snub 24 Cell (S’)
Visualization of the concentric hulls of the Alternate Snub 24 Cell
Various 2D Coxeter Plane Projections with vertex overlap color coding.
3D Visualization of the outer hull of M(192) as one of the W(D4) C3 orbits of the 120-Cell (600)
3D Visualization of the outer hull of N(288) that are the 120-Cell (600) Complement of
the W(D4) C3 orbits T'(24)+S'(96)+M (192)
3D Visualization of the outer hull of the 120-Cell (600) generated using T’
3D Visualization of the outer hull of the 120-Cell (600) generated using T
3D Animation of the 5 quaternion generated 24-cell outer hulls consecutively adding to make the 600-Cell.
3D Animation of the 5 quaternion generated 600-cell outer hulls consecutively adding to make the 120-Cell.